Influence of dietary feathers on the fecal microbiota in captive Arctic fox: Do dietary hair or feathers play a role in the evolution of carnivorous mammals?

Hair and feathers are composed of keratin and are indigestible, inalimental and unpalatable for carnivores. However, carnivores often ingest hair and feathers during feeding or when grooming. We hypothesized that ingestion of hair and feathers changes species diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut of carnivores. To test this hypothesis, we added disinfected poultry down feathers to the normal diet of captive Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). We then used fluorescently labeled terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) to examine changes in fecal bacterial diversity and abundance. The results showed that the number of bacterial species increased significantly after feather ingestion, but that total abundance was unchanged. This demonstrated that addition of disinfected feathers to the diet stimulated increased production among less abundant bacteria, resulting in a balancing of relative abundance of different bacterial species, or that some newly‐ingested microbial species would colonize the gut because a suitable microhabitat had become available. This implies that the overall production of bacterial metabolites would be made up of a greater range of substances after feather ingestion. On one hand, the host's immune response would be more diverse, increasing the capacity of the immune system to regulate gut microflora. On the other hand, the animal's physiological performance would also be affected. For wild animals, such altered physiological traits would be subjected to natural selection, and, hence, persistent geographic differences in the character of ingested feathers or fur would drive speciation.     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Bifurcaria bifurcata Epiphytic Bacteria

Surface-associated marine bacteria are an interesting source of new secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of epiphytic bacteria from the marine brown alga, Bifurcaria bifurcata, and the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bacteria extracts. The identification of epiphytic bacteria was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria extracts were obtained with methanol and dichloromethane (1:1) extraction. The antioxidant activity of extracts was performed by quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. A total of 39 Bifurcaria bifurcata-associated bacteria were isolated and 33 were identified as Vibrio sp. (48.72%), Alteromonas sp. (12.82%), Shewanella sp. (12.26%), Serratia sp. (2.56%), Citricoccus sp. (2.56%), Cellulophaga sp. (2.56%), Ruegeria sp. (2.56%) and Staphylococcus sp. (2.56%). Six (15.38%) of the 39 bacteria Bifurcaria bifurcata-associated bacteria presented less than a 90% Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match, and some of those could be new. The highest antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity (against B. subtilis) was exhibited by strain 16 (Shewanella sp.). Several strains also presented high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, mainly belonging to Alteromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. There were no positive results against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. Bifurcaria bifurcata epiphytic bacteria were revealed to be excellent sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.     

废弃烟沫堆置发酵有机肥腐熟菌种的分离、筛选和鉴定

[目的]为加速烟草废弃物的资源化利用,筛选适合废弃烟沫快速发酵腐熟的微生物菌种成为资源化利用的重要一环。[方法]利用纤维素刚果红选择性培养基,分别从废弃烟丝、腐熟牛粪、油枯有机肥和味精下脚料等田固体废弃物中分离筛选腐熟菌种,并进行复筛、纯化和鉴定。[结果]共筛得16株腐熟菌株,其中复筛出6株高效菌株分别为F1、F2、F3、N1、N2、W1。经16S r DNA和Biolog鉴定,该6种菌菌株分别为Bacillus subtillis,Bacillus subtillis,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Mycobacterium vaccae,Bacillis amyloliquefaciens;纤维素分解能力试验结果表明,6种降解菌对烟沫中纤维素的降解能力为N1F3N2F2F1W1;在烟碱浓度为低浓度0.1%时耐烟碱能力为F2F3=N1W1F1N2,在烟碱浓度为高浓度0.5%时耐烟碱能力为F2F3N1N2W1=F1,同时N1与N2、N1与F1、N1与F2之间没有拮抗作用。[结论]N1与N2复配构成废弃烟沫专用腐熟菌种为最佳选择。     

EM制剂在农业清洁生产上的应用

总结有关EM（有效微生物群）制剂在畜禽养殖、作物种植、水产养殖和改善环境等方面的应用试验和生产实践,阐述其在农业清洁生产、环保治污、提高农产品产量和品质、促进畜禽生长发育、农业废弃物资源化无害化处理、农业生态环境保护和修复等方面的作用.     

混菌固态发酵降解羽毛生产饲料蛋白质工艺研究

试验主要以酵母菌和淡紫拟青霉为发酵微生物,羽毛粉和麸皮为发酵底物,采用混菌固态发酵方式,探究基质初始水分以及麸皮与羽毛粉的比例等因素对饲料蛋白质生产的影响。试验结果表明,麸皮:水=1:1时最适合酵母菌的生长;麸皮:水=1:0.8时,最适合淡紫拟青霉的生长。以1:1的水料比,当麸皮:羽毛粉=7:3时,最适合酵母菌的生长;而当麸皮:羽毛粉=6:4时,最适合淡紫拟青霉的生长。因此,混菌固体发酵降解羽毛生产饲料蛋白质最佳初始水分是1:1,麸皮与羽毛比为7:3。     

出口茶叶生产加工中有害微生物危害分析

阐述我国茶叶的对外贸易、茶叶的消费方式等,对各相关的茶叶有害微生物的危害和危害的程度进行了分析,从茶叶的各工艺过程分析茶叶中有害微生物的污染和危害,提出防治茶叶中有害微生物的措施。     

鸡羽色性状基因座研究进展

家鸡（Gallus gallus domestica）羽色受多基因调控,已经有越来越多羽色相关基因与突变被定位,包括扩 展位点基因座、深褐色基因座、花斑基因座、横斑表型相关基因、真黑素稀释基因座等。就羽色形成的机理,对羽色基 因座位对应的表型情况和基因座位对应的编码基因以及致因突变进行了综述。此外,还简要介绍了如何通过分子方 法剔除对优质鸡育种不利的羽色基因座。     

肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成模式

为了确立肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成模式,分别选用0,14,28,42日龄的Arbor Acres公母肉仔鸡各6只,颈骨错位致死后分离羽毛和胴体,将胴体和羽毛分别加工处理,测定其粗蛋白质及各种氨基酸含量,并将各种氨基酸含量表示为占粗蛋白质百分比的形式。结果表明,性别对肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成没有影响(P>0.05);除胴体蛋白中天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸和羽毛蛋白中天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸外,日龄对胴体和羽毛蛋白其他氨基酸组成模式均有显著影响(P<0.05),胴体蛋白中苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸和羽毛蛋白中苏氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸组成模式在14,28和42日龄间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。而胴体蛋白中缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和羽毛蛋白中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸组成模式在不同日龄间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。综合考虑认为,以14,28和42日龄的平均值作为确立肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白氨基酸模式的依据。     

Interactive Effect of Sulphur and Nitrogen on the Oil and Protein Contents and on the Fatty Acid Profiles of Oil in the Seeds of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss.)

In long-term field experiments on loamy sand and sandy loam, legumes (pea and lupine) stimulated microbial activity in the rhizosphere more than cereals (winter rye, winter wheat and spring barley), maize and oil flax. In the rhizosphere of winter wheat and maize, microbial activity and the bacteria species Pseudomonas , Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas were more stimulated by organic manuring than by mineral fertilization. A positive correlation between the stimulated bacteria species and the growth of young plants was found. Various mineral nitrogen applications had no influence on the rhizosphere microflora. The leghemoglobin content of pea nodules – an indicator of nitrogen fixation activity – was reduced by high nitrogen application in crop rotation.     

不同水平小肽制剂对黑凤鸡生产性能及其血清生化指标的影响

选取 190日龄的产蛋黑凤鸡 135只 ,随机分成 5组。对照组饲喂基础日粮 ,其余 4组分别以 0 .5 %和 0 .3%的小肽制剂添加量替代基础日粮中 30 %或 5 0 %的鱼粉量。结果表明 ,添加量为 0 .5 %的小肽制剂替代基础日粮中 30 %的鱼粉量的试验 1组黑凤鸡的采食量、产蛋性能蛋的品质、饲料利用率均较高 ;小肽添加量为 0 .5 %的试验 1组和 2组黑凤鸡血清BUN水平分别比对照组低 33.33% (P >0 .0 5 )和 7.84 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,TP含量比对照组分别高 14 .2 4 % (P <0 .0 5 )和 5 .2 2 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,有利于提高黑凤鸡的生产性能和机体合成蛋白质的能力